Playwright Testing: Build Reliable End-to-End Tests

By Brian Danin | November 28, 2025

End-to-end testing has a reputation problem. Tests are flaky, slow, and expensive to maintain. Teams start with enthusiasm, writing comprehensive test suites—only to watch them become brittle, unreliable, and eventually ignored.

Playwright changes this equation. Microsoft’s modern testing framework addresses the core pain points that plagued previous generations of browser automation tools. With its architectural improvements, developer-friendly API, and built-in best practices, Playwright makes it possible to build automated test suites that are fast, reliable, and actually maintainable.

This guide walks through everything you need to know to implement Playwright effectively—from basic setup through advanced patterns for visual regression testing, performance monitoring, and building test suites that scale.

Why Playwright Over Other Testing Tools

Before diving into implementation, it’s worth understanding what makes Playwright different from Selenium, Puppeteer, and other browser automation tools.

Modern Browser Control

Playwright uses the Chrome DevTools Protocol and similar protocols for WebKit and Firefox, enabling:

Direct browser communication: No intermediary WebDriver servers
Faster execution: Commands execute immediately without network overhead
Better reliability: Built-in auto-waiting eliminates race conditions
Network interception: Mock APIs, modify responses, test offline scenarios

Playwright Automated Browser Testing

Reliable end-to-end testing for modern web apps

https://example.com

Test Results

5/5 Passed

Homepage loads correctly

1.2s

User login flow

2.5s

Form validation

1.8s

API integration

3.1s

Navigation menu

0.9s

Passed

Failed

9.5s

Total

test.spec.ts

1 import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test' ;

3 test ( 'homepage test' , async ({ page }) => {

4 await page. goto ( 'https://example.com' );

5 await expect (page). toHaveTitle ( /Example/ );

6 await page. click ( 'button' );

7 await expect (page. locator ( '.result' )). toBeVisible ();

8 });

✓ Tests Passing TypeScript

Running...

Visual Regression Testing

Baseline

Current

Match

No visual differences detected

Pixel match: 100%

Changes

Tested on:

Multi-Browser, One API

Playwright supports Chromium, Firefox, and WebKit with a single, consistent API. You don’t need different tools or syntax for different browsers—the same test runs everywhere:

// One test, all browsers
test('works everywhere', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('https://example.com');
  await expect(page.locator('h1')).toHaveText('Welcome');
});

Run with: npx playwright test --project=chromium firefox webkit

Built-in Best Practices

Playwright enforces patterns that lead to reliable tests:

Auto-waiting: Waits for elements to be actionable before interacting
Web-first assertions: Retry assertions until they pass or timeout
Isolated contexts: Each test gets a fresh browser context (cookies, storage, etc.)
Trace viewer: Record test execution for debugging failures

Developer Experience

Playwright prioritizes developer productivity:

Codegen: Record interactions and generate test code
Test generator: Create tests by clicking through your app
Inspector: Step through tests, inspect page state
VS Code extension: Run and debug tests without leaving your editor

Getting Started with Playwright

Installation

Initialize Playwright in your project:

npm init playwright@latest

This interactive setup:

Installs Playwright and browser binaries
Creates example tests and configuration
Sets up GitHub Actions workflow (optional)

For existing projects:

npm install -D @playwright/test
npx playwright install

Project Structure

Playwright generates a recommended structure:

project/
├── tests/
│   └── example.spec.ts
├── playwright.config.ts
└── package.json

The configuration file (playwright.config.ts) controls test behavior:

import { defineConfig, devices } from '@playwright/test';

export default defineConfig({
  testDir: './tests',
  fullyParallel: true,
  forbidOnly: !!process.env.CI,
  retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : 0,
  workers: process.env.CI ? 1 : undefined,
  reporter: 'html',

  use: {
    baseURL: 'http://localhost:3000',
    trace: 'on-first-retry',
  },

  projects: [
    {
      name: 'chromium',
      use: { ...devices['Desktop Chrome'] },
    },
    {
      name: 'firefox',
      use: { ...devices['Desktop Firefox'] },
    },
    {
      name: 'webkit',
      use: { ...devices['Desktop Safari'] },
    },
  ],

  webServer: {
    command: 'npm run start',
    url: 'http://localhost:3000',
    reuseExistingServer: !process.env.CI,
  },
});

Key Configuration Points:

fullyParallel: Run all tests in parallel for speed
retries: Retry failed tests in CI to handle transient issues
trace: Record execution trace on first retry for debugging
webServer: Automatically start your dev server before tests

Your First Test

Create tests/homepage.spec.ts:

import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';

test('homepage loads and displays title', async ({ page }) => {
  // Navigate to page
  await page.goto('/');

  // Verify page title
  await expect(page).toHaveTitle(/Welcome/);

  // Verify main heading
  await expect(page.locator('h1')).toHaveText('Welcome to Our Site');

  // Verify navigation is visible
  await expect(page.locator('nav')).toBeVisible();
});

Run the test:

npx playwright test

Playwright will:

Start your web server (if configured)
Run tests in all configured browsers
Generate an HTML report

View the report:

npx playwright show-report

Core Concepts and Patterns

Locators: Finding Elements Reliably

Playwright’s locator system is designed for reliability. Unlike traditional selectors that break when the DOM changes, Playwright locators are lazy (evaluated when needed) and strict (must match exactly one element).

Recommended Locator Strategies

1. Role-based locators (Most resilient)

// Find by ARIA role and accessible name
await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Submit' }).click();
await page.getByRole('heading', { name: 'Welcome' }).isVisible();
await page.getByRole('textbox', { name: 'Email' }).fill('test@example.com');

These selectors work even if classes, IDs, or structure changes. They also ensure your site is accessible.

2. Text content

await page.getByText('Click here to continue').click();
await page.getByLabel('Password').fill('secret');

3. Test IDs (For dynamic content)

Add data-testid attributes to elements that need stable selectors:

<button data-testid="checkout-button">Checkout</button>

await page.getByTestId('checkout-button').click();

4. CSS selectors (Last resort)

await page.locator('.submit-button').click();

Use only when other strategies don’t work. These are most fragile.

Chaining Locators

Narrow scope by chaining:

// Find button within a specific form
const form = page.locator('form#checkout');
await form.locator('button[type="submit"]').click();

// Find within a specific section
const nav = page.locator('nav[aria-label="Main"]');
await nav.getByRole('link', { name: 'About' }).click();

Auto-Waiting: The Secret to Reliable Tests

Playwright automatically waits for elements to be actionable before performing actions:

// Playwright waits for button to be:
// - Attached to DOM
// - Visible
// - Stable (not animating)
// - Enabled
// - Not covered by other elements
await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Submit' }).click();

You rarely need manual waits like sleep() or waitForSelector(). This eliminates the most common source of flaky tests.

Assertions: Web-First and Retrying

Playwright’s expect assertions automatically retry until they pass or timeout:

// Retries until text appears (or timeout)
await expect(page.locator('.status')).toHaveText('Complete');

// Retries until element is visible
await expect(page.locator('.modal')).toBeVisible();

// Retries until count matches
await expect(page.locator('.item')).toHaveCount(5);

This handles asynchronous updates without manual waiting.

Available Assertions:

toHaveText(), toContainText()
toBeVisible(), toBeHidden()
toBeEnabled(), toBeDisabled()
toHaveCount()
toHaveURL(), toHaveTitle()
toHaveAttribute()
toHaveClass()

Page Object Model

For maintainable test suites, use the Page Object Model pattern to encapsulate page interactions:

// pages/LoginPage.ts
export class LoginPage {
  constructor(private page: Page) {}

  async goto() {
    await this.page.goto('/login');
  }

  async login(email: string, password: string) {
    await this.page.getByLabel('Email').fill(email);
    await this.page.getByLabel('Password').fill(password);
    await this.page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Sign In' }).click();
  }

  async expectErrorMessage(message: string) {
    await expect(this.page.locator('.error')).toHaveText(message);
  }
}

// tests/login.spec.ts
import { LoginPage } from '../pages/LoginPage';

test('shows error for invalid credentials', async ({ page }) => {
  const loginPage = new LoginPage(page);

  await loginPage.goto();
  await loginPage.login('invalid@example.com', 'wrongpassword');
  await loginPage.expectErrorMessage('Invalid credentials');
});

Benefits:

Tests read like documentation
Changes to UI require updating one place
Reusable logic across tests

Testing Common Scenarios

Form Interactions

test('contact form submission', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/contact');

  // Fill form fields
  await page.getByLabel('Name').fill('John Doe');
  await page.getByLabel('Email').fill('john@example.com');
  await page.getByLabel('Message').fill('This is a test message');

  // Select from dropdown
  await page.getByLabel('Subject').selectOption('Support');

  // Check checkbox
  await page.getByLabel('Subscribe to newsletter').check();

  // Submit form
  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Send Message' }).click();

  // Verify success
  await expect(page.locator('.success-message')).toBeVisible();
  await expect(page).toHaveURL(/\/thank-you/);
});

test('shopping cart checkout flow', async ({ page }) => {
  // Add item to cart
  await page.goto('/products/widget-123');
  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Add to Cart' }).click();

  // Go to cart
  await page.getByRole('link', { name: 'Cart' }).click();
  await expect(page).toHaveURL(/\/cart/);

  // Verify item in cart
  await expect(page.locator('.cart-item')).toContainText('Widget 123');

  // Proceed to checkout
  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Checkout' }).click();

  // Fill shipping info
  await page.getByLabel('Address').fill('123 Main St');
  await page.getByLabel('City').fill('Portland');

  // Complete order
  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Place Order' }).click();

  // Verify confirmation
  await expect(page.locator('.order-confirmation')).toBeVisible();
});

API Mocking and Network Interception

Test frontend behavior independently of backend:

test('displays products from API', async ({ page }) => {
  // Mock API response
  await page.route('**/api/products', async route => {
    await route.fulfill({
      status: 200,
      contentType: 'application/json',
      body: JSON.stringify([
        { id: 1, name: 'Product A', price: 29.99 },
        { id: 2, name: 'Product B', price: 49.99 },
      ]),
    });
  });

  await page.goto('/products');

  // Verify products display
  await expect(page.locator('.product')).toHaveCount(2);
  await expect(page.locator('.product').first()).toContainText('Product A');
});

Test error handling:

test('handles API error gracefully', async ({ page }) => {
  // Mock API failure
  await page.route('**/api/products', route =>
    route.fulfill({ status: 500 })
  );

  await page.goto('/products');

  // Verify error message
  await expect(page.locator('.error-message')).toBeVisible();
  await expect(page.locator('.error-message')).toContainText('Unable to load products');
});

Authentication State

Save authentication state and reuse across tests:

// global-setup.ts
async function globalSetup() {
  const browser = await chromium.launch();
  const page = await browser.newPage();

  await page.goto('http://localhost:3000/login');
  await page.getByLabel('Email').fill('test@example.com');
  await page.getByLabel('Password').fill('password123');
  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Sign In' }).click();

  // Wait for auth to complete
  await page.waitForURL('**/dashboard');

  // Save storage state
  await page.context().storageState({ path: 'auth.json' });
  await browser.close();
}

export default globalSetup;

// playwright.config.ts
export default defineConfig({
  globalSetup: require.resolve('./global-setup'),
  use: {
    storageState: 'auth.json',
  },
});

Now all tests run as authenticated users without repeated login.

Visual Regression Testing

Playwright includes built-in visual comparison testing:

test('homepage matches visual baseline', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/');

  // First run creates baseline screenshot
  // Subsequent runs compare against baseline
  await expect(page).toHaveScreenshot();
});

Compare specific elements:

test('product card matches design', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/products');

  const productCard = page.locator('.product-card').first();
  await expect(productCard).toHaveScreenshot('product-card.png');
});

Configuring Visual Tests

Control screenshot behavior:

await expect(page).toHaveScreenshot({
  // Clip to specific area
  clip: { x: 0, y: 0, width: 800, height: 600 },

  // Hide dynamic elements
  mask: [page.locator('.timestamp')],

  // Tolerance for small differences (0-1)
  maxDiffPixels: 100,
});

Handling Dynamic Content

Mask elements that change between runs:

test('dashboard without dynamic content', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/dashboard');

  await expect(page).toHaveScreenshot({
    mask: [
      page.locator('.current-time'),
      page.locator('.live-data'),
      page.locator('.user-avatar'),
    ],
  });
});

Performance Testing

Playwright can measure web performance metrics:

test('homepage loads quickly', async ({ page }) => {
  const startTime = Date.now();

  await page.goto('/', { waitUntil: 'networkidle' });

  const loadTime = Date.now() - startTime;
  expect(loadTime).toBeLessThan(3000); // 3 seconds
});

Measuring Web Vitals

Capture Core Web Vitals:

test('measures Core Web Vitals', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/');

  const vitals = await page.evaluate(() => {
    return new Promise((resolve) => {
      let CLS = 0;
      let LCP = 0;

      new PerformanceObserver((list) => {
        for (const entry of list.getEntries()) {
          if (entry.entryType === 'largest-contentful-paint') {
            LCP = entry.startTime;
          }
        }
      }).observe({ entryTypes: ['largest-contentful-paint'] });

      new PerformanceObserver((list) => {
        for (const entry of list.getEntries()) {
          if (!entry.hadRecentInput) {
            CLS += entry.value;
          }
        }
      }).observe({ entryTypes: ['layout-shift'] });

      // Wait for page to settle
      setTimeout(() => resolve({ LCP, CLS }), 5000);
    });
  });

  expect(vitals.LCP).toBeLessThan(2500); // 2.5 seconds
  expect(vitals.CLS).toBeLessThan(0.1); // Cumulative Layout Shift
});

Network Performance

Track network requests:

test('limits number of requests', async ({ page }) => {
  const requests: string[] = [];

  page.on('request', request => {
    requests.push(request.url());
  });

  await page.goto('/');
  await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle');

  // Verify reasonable number of requests
  expect(requests.length).toBeLessThan(50);

  // Verify no requests to blocked domains
  const blockedDomain = requests.filter(url => url.includes('ads.example.com'));
  expect(blockedDomain).toHaveLength(0);
});

Best Practices for Maintainable Tests

1. Test User Journeys, Not Implementation

Focus on what users do, not how the UI is structured:

Good:

test('user can purchase product', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/products/widget');
  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Add to Cart' }).click();
  await page.getByRole('link', { name: 'Checkout' }).click();
  // ...
});

Bad:

test('cart icon updates', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/products/widget');
  await page.locator('.add-cart-btn').click();
  await expect(page.locator('#cart-count')).toHaveText('1');
});

2. Use Fixtures for Test Data

Create reusable test data:

// fixtures/test-users.ts
export const testUsers = {
  admin: {
    email: 'admin@example.com',
    password: 'admin123',
  },
  customer: {
    email: 'customer@example.com',
    password: 'customer123',
  },
};

import { testUsers } from '../fixtures/test-users';

test('admin can access dashboard', async ({ page }) => {
  const loginPage = new LoginPage(page);
  await loginPage.login(testUsers.admin.email, testUsers.admin.password);
  // ...
});

3. Isolate Tests

Each test should be independent:

test.beforeEach(async ({ page }) => {
  // Reset to known state before each test
  await page.goto('/');
  // Clear cookies, local storage, etc.
});

test('test A', async ({ page }) => {
  // This test doesn't depend on test B
});

test('test B', async ({ page }) => {
  // This test doesn't depend on test A
});

4. Use Descriptive Test Names

Test names should explain what’s being verified:

// Good
test('displays error message when email is invalid', async ({ page }) => {

// Good
test('redirects to homepage after successful login', async ({ page }) => {

// Bad
test('test login', async ({ page }) => {

// Bad
test('form validation', async ({ page }) => {

5. Don’t Over-Assert

Each test should verify one specific behavior:

Good:

test('displays validation error for empty email', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/signup');
  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Sign Up' }).click();
  await expect(page.locator('.error')).toContainText('Email is required');
});

test('displays validation error for invalid email format', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/signup');
  await page.getByLabel('Email').fill('notanemail');
  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Sign Up' }).click();
  await expect(page.locator('.error')).toContainText('Invalid email');
});

Bad:

test('validates all form fields', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/signup');
  // Tests 10 different validation scenarios
  // When this fails, you don't know which validation broke
});

6. Use Parallelization Wisely

Playwright runs tests in parallel by default. Ensure tests don’t interfere:

// playwright.config.ts
export default defineConfig({
  fullyParallel: true,
  workers: process.env.CI ? 2 : undefined,
});

For tests that must run sequentially:

test.describe.serial('checkout flow', () => {
  test('add item to cart', async ({ page }) => {
    // ...
  });

  test('proceed through checkout', async ({ page }) => {
    // Depends on previous test
  });
});

7. Debug with Trace Viewer

When tests fail in CI, enable trace recording:

// playwright.config.ts
export default defineConfig({
  use: {
    trace: 'on-first-retry',
  },
});

View traces locally:

npx playwright show-trace trace.zip

The trace viewer shows:

Screenshots at each step
DOM snapshots
Network activity
Console logs
Test source code

Integrating with CI/CD

GitHub Actions

# .github/workflows/playwright.yml
name: Playwright Tests
on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  test:
    timeout-minutes: 60
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3

      - uses: actions/setup-node@v3
        with:
          node-version: 18

      - name: Install dependencies
        run: npm ci

      - name: Install Playwright Browsers
        run: npx playwright install --with-deps

      - name: Run Playwright tests
        run: npx playwright test

      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
        if: always()
        with:
          name: playwright-report
          path: playwright-report/
          retention-days: 30

GitLab CI

# .gitlab-ci.yml
stages:
  - test

playwright:
  stage: test
  image: mcr.microsoft.com/playwright:v1.40.0-focal
  script:
    - npm ci
    - npx playwright test
  artifacts:
    when: always
    paths:
      - playwright-report/
    expire_in: 1 week

Running Tests in Docker

FROM mcr.microsoft.com/playwright:v1.40.0-focal

WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci
COPY . .

CMD ["npx", "playwright", "test"]

Playwright vs. Other Testing Approaches

For comprehensive testing strategies, consider how Playwright complements other testing tools. Playwright excels at end-to-end browser testing, but it’s one piece of a complete quality assurance strategy.

Testing Pyramid

A balanced testing approach typically includes:

Unit tests (70%): Test individual functions and components in isolation
Integration tests (20%): Test how components work together
End-to-end tests (10%): Test complete user workflows with Playwright

Drupal Testing Strategy

Use the fastest test type that can verify your requirement

Write Fewer

Slower & More Complex

Faster & More Isolated

JavaScript Tests

JavascriptTestBase ⏱️ Slower

Test with full JavaScript execution

Functional Tests

BrowserTestBase ⏱️ Moderate (seconds)

Test complete user interactions

Kernel Tests

KernelTestBase ⚡ Fast (seconds)

Test with Drupal subsystems

Unit Tests

UnitTestCase ⚡ Milliseconds

Test individual classes in isolation

Write More

Pro Tip: Start with unit tests and move up the pyramid only when necessary

See Getting Started with Automated Testing in Drupal for more details.

When to Use Playwright

Ideal for:

Critical user journeys (signup, checkout, payment)
Cross-browser compatibility verification
Visual regression testing
Performance monitoring
Testing complex interactive features

Not ideal for:

Testing business logic (use unit tests)
API testing (use tools like Postman or Jest)
Load testing (use k6 or Apache JMeter)

Complementing Framework-Specific Tests

If you’re working with a specific framework, combine Playwright with framework-level testing:

For Drupal projects, use PHPUnit for backend testing and Playwright for frontend interactions. This combination ensures both your business logic and user experience work correctly. While Drupal’s built-in testing framework handles entity operations, form validation, and business logic, Playwright tests verify the complete user experience across browsers.

For React/Vue/Angular: Use component testing libraries (React Testing Library, Vue Test Utils) alongside Playwright for full-stack coverage.

Common Challenges and Solutions

“Tests Are Flaky”

Causes:

Not using auto-waiting properly
Testing implementation details
Network timing issues
Animation interference

Solutions:

// Wait for specific state
await expect(page.locator('.data')).toBeVisible();

// Disable animations
await page.emulateMedia({ reducedMotion: 'reduce' });

// Mock network responses for consistency
await page.route('**/api/**', route => route.fulfill({...}));

“Tests Are Slow”

Solutions:

Run tests in parallel
Use authentication state instead of logging in each test
Mock API responses when testing frontend
Run only affected tests during development

// Run specific test file
npx playwright test tests/login.spec.ts

// Run tests matching pattern
npx playwright test --grep "@smoke"

“Hard to Debug Failures”

Solutions:

Enable trace on first retry
Use --debug mode
Add screenshots on failure
Use headed mode during development

# Debug mode (step through test)
npx playwright test --debug

# Headed mode (see browser)
npx playwright test --headed

# Specific browser
npx playwright test --project=chromium

“Selectors Keep Breaking”

Solutions:

Prefer role-based selectors
Use test IDs for dynamic content
Avoid CSS classes tied to styling
Use Page Object Model pattern

Getting Started: A Practical Action Plan

Week 1: Foundation

Install Playwright and run example tests
Write tests for 2-3 critical user journeys
Set up continuous integration
Configure visual regression for key pages

Week 2-3: Expansion

Implement Page Object Model for main flows
Add authentication state management
Set up network mocking for API-dependent features
Add performance monitoring tests

Week 4: Integration

Integrate with existing testing suite
Document testing patterns for team
Add tests to PR workflow
Set up automatic test runs on deployment

Conclusion: Testing as Confidence

Automated testing isn’t about achieving perfect coverage—it’s about building confidence in your application. Confidence that changes won’t break existing features. Confidence that new releases work across browsers. Confidence that performance hasn’t degraded.

Playwright makes this confidence achievable. Its modern architecture eliminates traditional pain points around flakiness and maintenance burden. The investment in automated testing pays dividends in:

Faster release cycles: Deploy with confidence
Better user experience: Catch issues before users do
Lower maintenance costs: Prevent bugs rather than fix them
Team velocity: Refactor without fear

Start with high-value tests—critical user paths like signup, checkout, or core workflows. Build the habit. Over time, you’ll create a comprehensive safety net that makes your application more reliable and your team more productive.

The future you will thank you for the tests you write today.

Need help implementing automated testing strategies for your web applications? Contact us to discuss comprehensive quality assurance approaches that combine Playwright, unit testing, and performance monitoring.

Why Playwright Over Other Testing Tools

Modern Browser Control

Playwright Automated Browser Testing

No visual differences detected

Lightning Fast

Reliable Testing

Visual Testing

Multi-Browser, One API

Built-in Best Practices

Developer Experience

Getting Started with Playwright

Installation

Project Structure

Your First Test

Core Concepts and Patterns

Locators: Finding Elements Reliably

Recommended Locator Strategies

Chaining Locators

Auto-Waiting: The Secret to Reliable Tests

Assertions: Web-First and Retrying

Page Object Model

Testing Common Scenarios

Form Interactions

Navigation and Multi-Page Flows

API Mocking and Network Interception

Authentication State

Visual Regression Testing

Configuring Visual Tests

Handling Dynamic Content

Performance Testing

Measuring Web Vitals

Network Performance

Best Practices for Maintainable Tests

1. Test User Journeys, Not Implementation

2. Use Fixtures for Test Data

3. Isolate Tests

4. Use Descriptive Test Names

5. Don’t Over-Assert

6. Use Parallelization Wisely

7. Debug with Trace Viewer

Integrating with CI/CD

GitHub Actions

GitLab CI

Running Tests in Docker

Playwright vs. Other Testing Approaches

Testing Pyramid

Drupal Testing Strategy

JavaScript Tests

Functional Tests

Kernel Tests

Unit Tests

When to Use Playwright

Complementing Framework-Specific Tests

Common Challenges and Solutions

“Tests Are Flaky”

“Tests Are Slow”

“Hard to Debug Failures”

“Selectors Keep Breaking”

Getting Started: A Practical Action Plan

Week 1: Foundation

Week 2-3: Expansion

Week 4: Integration

Conclusion: Testing as Confidence

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